Introduction to Precision Neuroscience

In the evolving landscape of neurological treatment and human–machine integration, few companies have made as remarkable, measurable progress as Precision Neuroscience. Founded in 2021, Precision Neuroscience emerged from the confluence of deep technical experience, clinical acumen, and an urgent sense of mission: to restore independence and communication to people with neurological injury and disease, while redefining what safe, scalable brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) can be. Since its inception, Precision has rapidly advanced its technology, compiled an impressive scientific and regulatory track record, and established itself as a leader in the global shift toward minimally invasive, patient-centric neural interfacing. This report provides an exhaustive, up-to-date review of all aspects critical to understanding Precision Neuroscience—its genesis, mission, leadership, scientific achievements, partnerships, market position, and future outlook.

Founding and Early History

Precision Neuroscience was founded in New York City in 2021 by a multidisciplinary team led by Dr. Benjamin Rapoport, neurosurgeon and a Neuralink co-founder; Michael Mager, investor and operator; Dr. Demetrios Papageorgiou, neuroscientist; and Mark Hettick, expert in engineering and fabrication. The origins of Precision are rooted in both clinical necessity and dissatisfaction with prevailing approaches to neural interfacing. Dr. Rapoport, with advanced degrees from MIT and Harvard Medical School, was part of the founding team at Neuralink, Elon Musk’s high-profile neurotech startup. He left Neuralink in 2018, voicing the conviction that to make BCIs widely accessible and clinically viable, invasiveness and irreversible brain tissue damage needed to be minimized. He was joined by co-founder Michael Mager, whose background in company-building and international business added a strategic dimension to the venture.

From the outset, the company’s thesis was direct: “We believe that it’s possible to interface with the brain without damaging the brain.” This statement reflects Precision’s enduring focus on safety, reversibility, and clinical realism. The company patented its unique minimally invasive “microslit” implantation technique and developed the first version of its thin-film Layer 7 Cortical Interface within its founding year.

Mission and Vision

Precision Neuroscience’s mission is unambiguous: “To deliver life-changing brain–computer interface technology to millions of people”. This ambition extends beyond technical achievement. The company envisions a world where BCIs transition from experimental platforms to integral tools in restoring lost function for those with paralysis, neurodegenerative diseases, and traumatic brain injuries. Notably, Precision’s approach is grounded in the realities of surgery, rehabilitation, patient consent, and healthcare economics. Rather than pursuing BCI for cognitive augmentation or futuristic telepathy, the company prioritizes restoring independence to those who’ve lost basic abilities to move or communicate—a vision with profound social and ethical resonance.

Looking ahead, Precision aims to establish BCIs as “part of the clinical standard of care,” integrating with standard medical workflows and covered by insurance. This patient-first, pragmatist vision is increasingly shared by clinicians, regulators, and investors drawn to Precision’s commitment to scalable, safe, and effective solutions.

Founders and Leadership Team

Precision Neuroscience’s leadership team is a microcosm of the interdisciplinary strength required to succeed in modern neurotechnology.

Dr. Benjamin Rapoport, Chief Science Officer and Co-founder: Renowned for his work in minimally invasive neurosurgery, Dr. Rapoport holds both an MD from Harvard Medical School and a PhD from MIT. As a co-founder of Neuralink and expert in cortical interfaces, he brings world-class technical and clinical expertise to Precision.
Michael Mager, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder: Mager’s operational background spans technology management and international business. His dual education at Harvard College and University of Cambridge provides a strategic foundation for Precision’s business operations.
Craig Mermel, President and Chief Product Officer: Formerly leading big-data healthcare initiatives at Google and Apple, Dr. Mermel focuses on integrating artificial intelligence with medical device development and has previously co-founded and sold a healthtech startup with Dr. Rapoport.
Mike Kaswan, Chief Financial Officer: With a three-decade history as a CFO and investor in healthcare, Kaswan has guided multiple companies through critical funding and public offering phases.
Brian Otis, Chief Technology Officer: A co-founder of Verily Life Sciences, Otis is a pioneer in developing ultra-low power chips for wearables and medical implants. His academic credentials and industry track record are key assets in Precision’s product scaling.
Jayme Strauss, Chief Clinical Officer: A leader in clinical deployment and patient outcomes, Strauss brings frontline experience from Viz.ai and multiple major hospital systems.
John Woock, Chief Business Officer: Previously a commercial leader at Axonics, Woock brings deep expertise in clinical trial design, market rollout, and neuromodulation strategy.

The company recently deepened its bench with the formidable additions of Dr. Vanessa Tolosa (Senior Vice President of R&D)—a Neuralink co-founder and ex-Meta Reality Labs leader in interface microfabrication—and Dr. Vivek Pinto (Director of Medical Affairs), a regulatory leader from the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health. This combination of technical, clinical, regulatory, and commercial leadership has propelled Precision’s rapid, coordinated progress.

Layer 7 Cortical Interface Technology

At the heart of Precision Neuroscience’s innovation is the Layer 7 Cortical Interface—a wafer-thin, flexible microelectrode array engineered to rest atop the human cortex. Unlike traditional invasive implants or skull-penetrating electrodes, the Layer 7 device sits on the brain’s surface, conforming to its contours while avoiding tissue penetration.

Key Technical Features

Thin-film Construction: The array, at one-fifth the thickness of a human hair, permits unprecedented flexibility and compatibility with living tissue.
Electrode Density: Each array contains 1,024 platinum electrodes spanning approximately 1.5 cm². This translates to a spatial resolution 600x greater than standard clinical arrays, with each electrode on the scale of a single neuron.
Real-time Neural Recording: The device captures and transmits over one to two billion data points per minute, using custom electronics and sophisticated machine-learning software to decode neural intent, speech, and movement in real time.
Modularity and Scalability: Multiple arrays can be placed to span larger cortical areas, essential for mapping complex functions or treating multifocal injuries.
Reversibility and Safety: The interface is designed for safe removability and iterative clinical use, aligning with hospital safety protocols.

Surgical Delivery

Perhaps the Layer 7’s most critical innovation is in its minimally invasive surgical delivery. Precision’s patented technique involves a tiny cranial “microslit”—a slit less than one millimeter wide—through which the flexible array is inserted using minimally invasive tools, guided by real-time imaging. This approach avoids the risks of full craniotomy, reduces trauma and infection, and enables faster recovery for patients.

Importantly, the procedure’s reversibility means the array can be removed or repositioned without damaging brain tissue, supporting both acute (intraoperative) and subchronic (up to 30 days) applications.

Bidirectional Communication and AI

The Layer 7 interface is bidirectional, featuring both recording and stimulation capabilities. Its high spatial and temporal fidelity makes it suitable for neural decoding (translating brain activity into machine commands) as well as therapeutic stimulation, opening eventual paths to restoring lost motor, speech, or cognitive functions.

Precision’s software teams—led by experts recruited from top AI firms—are developing machine-learning pipelines to decode speech, intent, and complex cortical patterns, aiming for real-world BCIs that can transform patient care.

Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedure

Precision’s “microslit” implantation method underpins the safety and reversibility that distinguish the company’s technology. Unlike neural implants that require open craniotomy or permanent skull removal, Precision’s approach makes a tailored, sub-millimeter slit in the skull for each array. Using fiberoptic endoscopy and advanced imaging, neurosurgeons insert the thin-film array, which then unrolls against the cortical surface. This approach is less traumatic and circumvents many regulatory and clinical barriers associated with deep-tissue implants.

In practice, this procedure has drawn praise from participating clinicians. Dr. Peter Konrad of West Virginia University’s Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute commented, “It’s as if I was seeing the patient’s brain think in real time”—a testament to the speed, resolution, and integrity of intraoperative mapping enabled by the technique.

Clinical Trials and Studies

Precision Neuroscience has conducted a series of progressively advanced clinical studies across multiple leading medical centers, reflecting its commitment to rigorous scientific validation.

Early Trials and First-in-Human Studies

In 2023, Precision initiated its first pilot human clinical trial in partnership with the Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute at West Virginia University, under the direction of Dr. Peter Konrad. The Layer 7 device was temporarily placed on patients’ brains during surgery (often for tumor resection) to record and map cortical activity with unprecedented detail.

Subsequent multi-center trials expanded to the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Penn Medicine, with studies led by experts in neurology and neurosurgery. As of mid-2025, at least 47 patients have participated in acute and subchronic implantations, with the device used both for precise surgical mapping (e.g. localizing speech and motor regions during tumor or epilepsy surgery) and for collecting training data for Precision’s AI algorithms.

Clinical Outcomes and Data Platform

The clinical studies have validated the device’s ability to:

Map cortical regions responsible for language, movement, and cognition with submillimeter resolution.
Decode neural intention, speech patterns, and sensorimotor information in real time.
Safely deliver both acute (minutes to hours) and subchronic (up to 30 days) recordings, approved under FDA regulatory pathways.
Build one of the world’s largest, most diverse repositories of high-resolution, longitudinal human neural data—supporting Precision’s effort to develop deep-learning-based “neural foundation models” for BCI applications.

Clinical collaborations have extended to Mount Sinai Health System, Penn Medicine, and ongoing partnerships with Massachusetts General Hospital and other centers as Precision scales its patient registry and data assets.

Regulatory Approvals and FDA Clearances

Precision Neuroscience’s regulatory strategy has been marked by a series of significant milestones, positioning it as a first-mover in the BCI industry.

FDA Breakthrough Device Designation (May 2023): The Layer 7 Cortical Interface received Breakthrough status, expediting review timelines for transformative therapies targeting severe neurological conditions.
FDA 510(k) Clearance (April 2025): Precision’s Layer 7 system became the first full wireless BCI device to receive FDA clearance for the recording, monitoring, and stimulation of electrical activity on the brain’s surface, with up to 30 days of implantation authorized for commercial use in acute and subchronic settings.
Ongoing Submissions: Precision is actively pursuing expanded indications and longer-term implant approvals, with clinical data supporting use cases from intraoperative mapping to assistive communication for paralysis and stroke patients.

This regulatory progress not only validates the safety and efficacy of Precision’s approach but also establishes critical precedents for future BCI products, reassuring hospitals, surgeons, and patients of device reliability and safety.

Funding Rounds and Investors

Precision Neuroscience’s swift fundraising trajectory underscores both investor confidence and the capital intensity of BCI development.

Major Funding Milestones

Date	Amount	Round	Lead Investors
Apr 2021	$12M	Series A	Steadview Capital, B Capital
Jan 2023	$41M	Series B	Forepont Capital, Mubadala, re.Mind
Oct 2024	$102M	Series C	General Equity Holdings, B Capital
Jan 2025	Undisclosed	Series C	Jdpglobal

By late 2024, Precision had raised a total of $183 million (with public announcements of $155 million at the end of its largest Series C), making it one of the world’s best-funded BCI startups—second only to Neuralink, and ahead of other rivals such as Synchron and Blackrock Neurotech.

Notable Investors

Key backers include General Equity Holdings, B Capital, Duquesne Family Office (investment arm of Stanley F. Druckenmiller), Steadview Capital, Mubadala Capital, Draper Associates, Alumni Ventures, and re.Mind Capital. The presence of prominent U.S., European, and Middle Eastern capital reflects strong international belief in Precision’s platform.

Use of Funds

Funding has been deployed to:

Accelerate clinical trials and data capture.
Expand the engineering, data science, and commercial teams.
Support regulatory submissions and FDA engagement.
Build and outfit U.S.-based manufacturing facilities for full device production.
Fuel development of next-generation, wireless, chronically implantable BCI systems.

Precision’s fundraising has been featured as a stand-out in multiple venture-tracking reports, and its valuation as of late 2024 exceeds $500 million.

Strategic Partnerships and Collaborations

One of Precision’s strongest assets is its ecosystem of clinical, technical, and manufacturing partners.

Clinical Partners

Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University: Site of first-in-human studies and ongoing collaboration for clinical validation and surgical workflow optimization.
Mount Sinai Health System, Icahn School of Medicine: Multi-patient clinical studies in sustained neural mapping and cognitive decoding.
Penn Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine: Advanced studies on neural intent, speech mapping, and post-injury recovery.
Massachusetts General Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center: Initiatives in expanding BCI use cases and data acquisition.

These partnerships ensure access to diverse patient populations, broadening the scope and impact of Precision’s technology.

Research Collaboration

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL): In 2023, Precision entered a three-year Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with LLNL—one of the world’s leading microfabrication and neural interface research centers. The collaboration focuses on enhancing the longevity and scalability of Precision’s thin-film neural implants, iterative process development for production at its Texas facility, and next-generation materials innovation.

Manufacturing and Commercial Infrastructure

In October 2023, Precision acquired a state-of-the-art microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) foundry near Dallas, Texas—now operated as Precision BioMEMS, a wholly owned subsidiary. The facility enables in-house, end-to-end fabrication of neural microelectrode arrays, provides an ISO-class 5 cleanroom, and includes staff with decades of experience in MEMS medical device manufacturing. This vertical integration allows Precision to iterate rapidly on device versions, own the critical supply chain, and continue to serve as a foundry for select third-party innovators.

Manufacturing Facilities and Infrastructure

Precision’s 22,000 square-foot manufacturing facility in Addison, Texas is a cornerstone of its scaling strategy. Offering advanced photolithography, wet/dry etching, metal deposition, polymer films, wafer bonding, and in-line inspection tools, this foundry supports:

Production and QA of over 1,000-channel, biocompatible neural implants.
Fast iteration for future electrode and system upgrades.
Foundry services for other medtech and diagnostics innovators—providing a modest but strategic revenue stream.

With over 50 advanced fabrication tools and dedicated assembly space, Precision’s manufacturing infrastructure can support both near-term commercialization (30-day arrays) and future leapfrog products (wireless, chronic BCIs).

Research Publications and Scientific Contributions

Precision and its collaborators have published landmark data and preprints advancing the science of high-density, minimally invasive BCIs. Notable works include:

Ho et al., 2024, bioRxiv: Describes design, surgical instrumentation, and in vivo performance of the Layer 7 Cortical Interface, including bidirectional recording and stimulation in large animal models and safety data confirming lack of cortical damage upon array delivery and removal.
Clinical Research Abstracts: Published and presented at conferences including the Society for Neuroscience and the 2024 Congress of Neurological Surgeons, sharing human data on real-time decoding of speech and movement intentions, intraoperative brain mapping, and machine-learning approaches to neural signal interpretation.
Neurocritical Care Society (2024): Outlines the potential for high-density electrocorticography in acute brain injury, emphasizing the ability of the Layer 7 system to detect subtle cortical abnormalities invisible to conventional monitors, with direct implications for clinical recovery trajectories.

Precision’s work has been cited by major journals, including Nature Electronics, WIRED, STAT News, TechCrunch, and recently, MIT Technology Review, which recognized it as a technical leader among BCI companies pushing practical, scalable innovation as opposed to hype-based development.

Patent Portfolio and Intellectual Property

Precision boasts a robust and steadily growing intellectual property portfolio, pivotal both for commercial defense and as an innovation engine.

Core Patents

Conformal Electrode Arrays: U.S. Patent US10918857B2 and others cover the design, manufacture, and deployment of flexible electrode arrays for electrophysiological recording and stimulation within the cerebral ventricles and vasculature.
Minimally Invasive Insertion Systems: Pending patents and granted applications detail the unique microslit instruments, methods, and device geometries enabling sub-millimeter device insertion and safe deployment without craniotomy.
Real-time Neural Decoding: Recent filings cover methods for adaptive, self-calibrating neural decoding using AI, high-resolution real-time visualization, and modular array configuration for broad cortical coverage.

As of 2025, Precision’s portfolio includes dozens of granted and pending patents across the U.S., Europe, and Asia, with filings in device design, surgical delivery, machine learning for neural data, and chronic implant systems.

Market Positioning and Competitive Landscape

Precision Neuroscience has distinguished itself in a crowded field of BCI startups by pursuing a regulatory-first, patient-centric approach prioritizing minimally invasive access. Its closest competitors include:

Neuralink (Elon Musk): Focuses on deep-penetrating microelectrodes, requiring open-skull craniotomy. While Neuralink has massive fundraising and a high public profile, the technical and regulatory challenges of their approach are formidable.
Synchron: Pursues an endovascular (Stentrode) approach, inserting electrode arrays via blood vessels rather than direct brain placement. Less invasive, but with lower spatial resolution compared to subdural surface arrays.
Blackrock Neurotech and Paradromics: Both pursue high-density cortical and subcortical recording via penetrating arrays or advanced grids, generally requiring major surgery.

Precision’s competitive edge stems from its unique combination of high electrode density, superior data bandwidth, surgical simplicity, safety profile, and regulatory momentum. Moreover, the company’s partnerships with leading clinical centers and deep in-house fabrication capabilities both accelerate time to market and build critical data moats essential for future neural decoding advances.

Notably, major financial analysts (e.g., Morgan Stanley) estimate the U.S. BCI market could be worth $400 billion, emphasizing parallel opportunities in restorative medicine, digital communication, and cognitive health.

Leadership Team Expansion and Key Hires

Over the past year, Precision has prioritized attracting top talent from world-leading companies, regulatory agencies, and research bodies, resulting in key hires including:

Vanessa Tolosa, PhD: Senior VP R&D. Former Neuralink co-founder and Meta Reality Labs hardware manager, recognized for breaking new ground in flexible, biocompatible neural interfaces and next-gen wearable devices.
Vivek Pinto, PhD, MBA: Director of Medical Affairs. Former FDA Division Director, overseeing therapeutic and assistive device approvals and medical affairs strategies.
John Woock, PhD: Chief Business Officer. Led Axonics’ U.S. commercialization from inception through to Boston Scientific’s $3.7 billion acquisition.
Konstantinos Alataris, PhD: Board Member. Ex-Nevro founder, extensive experience in neuromodulation commercialization and clinical evidence generation.

These hires are pivotal as Precision evolves from research-focused startup to clinical and commercial powerhouse.

Future Goals and Roadmap

Precision’s roadmap for 2025 and beyond is ambitious but grounded:

Commercialization of Layer 7 System: Immediate focus is on scaling commercial deployment of the FDA-approved, 30-day implantable device in major hospitals for intraoperative and neurocritical care applications.
Expanded Indications: Ongoing trials target assistive communication, smart device control, and long-term restoration of function for paralysis, stroke, and ALS.
Wireless, Chronically Implanted BCIs: Internal teams are developing a fully wireless, chronically implantable cortical interface, targeting first-in-human studies for 2026.
AI-Powered Neural Decoding: Leverage growing neural datasets to build robust, speech and intent-decoding AI systems, enabling naturalistic digital interaction for locked-in and neuro-disabled patients.
Global Expansion: With core regulatory and clinical foundations in the U.S., plans are underway to expand partnerships, distribution, and clinical data collection in Europe and Asia.
Manufacturing Scale-Up: Continue to invest in Precision BioMEMS to support large-scale, U.S.-based production and rapid iteration.

Precision’s longer-term vision encompasses restoration of complex sensorimotor function, cognitive rehabilitation, and integration into mainstream digital life—always with a bias toward clinical practicality and safety.

Awards and Recognitions

Precision Neuroscience’s progress has been recognized by both the healthcare technology and business communities, notably:

Fast Company’s World Changing Ideas 2025: Honored for the Layer 7 Cortical Interface’s scalable, practical impact on neurological care, with judges citing its benefits for paralysis, stroke, and ALS patients.
Inc.’s 2025 Best Workplaces: Selected for outstanding workplace culture, employee satisfaction, and professional development—reflecting the company’s conscious investment in team well-being and growth.

These accolades validate both Precision’s technical contributions and its commitment to building a model, mission-driven organization.

Impact on Patients and Clinical Applications

Precision’s technology is positioned to transform the lives of millions affected by paralysis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and progressive neurodegenerative disease—populations often underserved by current medical technology.

Primary Use Cases

Assistive Communication: For “locked-in” patients (fully paralyzed but cognitively intact), the Layer 7 interface can serve as an “intention decoder,” restoring their ability to communicate through thought alone.
Surgical Mapping: In neurosurgery, real-time high-resolution mapping minimizes the risk of speech, movement, or cognitive loss when removing tumors or treating epilepsy.
Neurocritical Care: Detecting abnormal brain activity in acute brain injury, providing more granular prognostic information and guiding therapeutic interventions before permanent damage accrues.
Smart Device Control: Next-generation BCIs promise hands-free device operation for those with severe disability, advancing autonomy and dignity.

Broader Implications

Precision’s patient impact ripples outward to clinical workflow (reducing surgical time and risk), health system economics, and fundamental neuroscience—enabling brain research at a scale, granularity, and diversity previously unimaginable.

Conclusion

In the rapidly advancing, high-stakes world of brain–computer interface technology, Precision Neuroscience has set a new standard for pragmatic innovation—fusing cutting-edge neurosurgery, scalable engineering, machine learning, and compassionate patient care. Through its focus on safety, reversibility, and real-world deployment, Precision is redefining BCIs not as futuristic experiments, but as practical, adoptable treatments for millions with urgent needs. Over just four years, the company has amassed a formidable leadership team, robust clinical and regulatory validation, world-class manufacturing capability, and a patent portfolio that positions it among the industry’s true pioneers. As Precision enters its commercialization phase and eyes even more transformative neural technologies, it stands as a beacon—not just for how we might interface with the brain, but for how bold technical ambition, rigorous clinical science, and deep empathy can change the future of medicine.

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Precision Neuroscience: Pioneering the Future of Brain–Computer Interfaces